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Byzantine Second Period |
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The Byzantine second period is the Middle period of Byzantine empire era and is believed to be started at 843 and ended by the year 1261. When the Byzantines attacked and conquered the city in the year 1204. The Byzantine empire stretched from Italy to Mesopotamia. During the Byzantium second period, the pressure from political groups and the activities of the missionaries led to the conversion of the Bulgarians and the Russians to Christianity. The two popular men of Byzantine second period were
the brothers Cyril and Methodius who knew the Slavic language very well. During the Byzantine second period these men translated the Byzantine Christian writings into the Slavic language, thus creating the first alphabet of the Slavic language.
During the Byzantine second period, the imperial government was centralized and ordered. During this period from the church, emperor to the peasant, the ceremonies which were observed created a sense of order in the Byzantine society. The emperors encouraged many kind of arts. During this time they built many kinds of palaces and churches. While the study of ancient Greek literature also prevailed. The official language during the Byzantine second period was Greek
The people of Byzantine second period followed Monasticism. This is a kind of religious life which is usually conducted in a community under a common rule and characterized by celibacy, poverty and obedience. Most of the monasteries functioned as orphanages, craft schools, poor houses, rest homes, and hospitals. While in the countryside, these religious institution functioned as a body of people or families living together and sharing everything.
The emperor of Byzantium considered himself to be the representative of Christ. He was the one who administered his government at his palace and had thousands of educated bureaucrats throughout the empire carrying out the functions of legislation, the tax and justice systems. This kind of administration functioned very efficiently.
During the Byzantine second period,when ceremonies like coronations, birthdays, marriages, the promotion of officials, celebrations and triumphs were observed, all common people were invited. Most of the paintings of this era give visual and verbal portraits of different celebrations that took place.
The church was the most important institution during the Byzantine second period. The Byzantine Church had unique way of devotion for the sacred images.
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The icons were carried in processions. During the processions they paid homage with candles, oil lamps, incense sticks, precious-metal coverings, and prayers.
The empire of ancient Romans were divided into two parts, the Eastern and the Western. The eastern Romans were the successors of Constantine, and their capital was Byzantium or Constantinople. The emperors of the ancient Roman empire were from the Byzantine empire era. Speaking about Egypt, they ruled Egypt for quite a long time.
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