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| Egypt Flights Home » Ottoman Empire era |
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Ottoman Empire era |
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In 343 BC, after the fall of the native Pharaoh Nectanebo II, Egypt fell to the rule of foreign invaders for the next the two thousand years. Egypt was ruled by the Persians, Byzantine Empire, Muslim Arabs and the Turco-Circassian military caste Mamluks before it fell to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire era in Egypt started when the Ottoman Sultan Selim1 conquered Egypt in 1517. Though Egypt remained part of the Ottoman Empire officially till 1914, in reality Egypt was not very much under the control of Sultans during the Ottoman Empire era.
Rise of Ottoman Empire era in Egypt
The Ottoman Empire was founded by the Osman, the chief of tribe Seljuk Turkish tribe. As the Ottoman Empire expanded under Osman 1's successors, Egypt came under its control in 1517. However, the Ottoman Sultan Selim 1 did not remain in Egypt and left the charge of the country to his viceroy Khair Bey. Few administrative changes took place in the country that had been followed in the Mamluk era. The country was regarded as a vassal state instead of a province of the empire.
In the early part of the Ottoman Empire era, there had been struggle of power between the Empire and the Mamluks. The Mamluks retained a strong position to influence the Empire. Egypt was divided into twelve sanjaks or military districts. The Sanjaks are the first level subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire. The Mamluk amirs had to be made the head of each of the sanjaks. Emperor Selim constituted six regiments for the protection of Egypt; the seventh one of Circassians was added by Suleiman.
The lands of Egypt were divided into four divisions: the lands for the Sultan, fiefs or the inherited revenue-generating properties, land for maintaining the army, and lands for religious foundations.
Later Part of Ottoman Empire era
The viceroys (pasha in arabic) in Egypt used to be changed quiet frequently that let the army go out of control in the early period of Ottoman Empire era. In 1609, civil war broke out between the pasha and the soldiers and the soldiers were even successful in declaring a sultan and divide Cairo between them. But Muhammad Pasha, the governor was ultimately successful in suppressing the soldiers and economic reforms were introduced.
However, trouble remained between the soldiers and the later governors.
By the 18th century the importance of the pasha was lessened with the rise of power of the Mameluk beys. There were two offices, Sheikh al-Balad and Amir al-Hajj, which were held by these persons, represented the real ruler of the community. But there has been fight for power among different factions of the Mamluks in different periods of time.
In 1798, the French troop under Napoleon Bonaparte, attacked Egypt and captured parts of it. However, the Ottoman army was able to free Egypt from French control, but soon the country witnessed civil wars among different sects. Muhammad Ali, the Albanian officer of the Ottoman army forced the Ottoman Sultan to declare him as the Wali or Governor of Egypt.
Muhammad Ali was an ambitious man who had the dream of making his own empire. He conquered Sudan and ensured that none threaten his position as the governor of Egypt. His military strength threatened the position of Ottoman Sultan and through different circumstances he gained the control over more areas and made the position of the Wali of Egypt hereditary to his family.
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During the time of Muhammad Ali dynasty, Egypt was only part of the Ottoman Empire in name while in reality the Ali dynasty ruled over it. In…Ismail Pasha compelled the then Sultan to recognize him and his successors as khedive or lord of Egypt.
After the completion of Suez Canal, Egypt fell to the debt of the European powers. In 1882, Britain took control over Egypt to protect the British financial reasons. Ultimately, in 1914 the British formally declared Egypt as Britain’s protectorate and thus Egypt became detached from the Ottoman Empire formally forever.
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