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Middle Kingdom |
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The middle kingdom is that era in the past history of Egypt which comprised of four dynasties starting from eleventh dynasty to the fourteenth dynasty. The Middle kingdom started from 2050 BCE and ended by 1800 BCE. This period was marked by two phases. The 11th dynasty was ruled from one of the places in Egypt called Thebes and the 12th dynasty onwards which was was ruled from el-Lisht. These two dynasties were the major dynasty of this era which are often said to a unified kingdom by the historians. While the 13th dynasty is not said to be part of the middle kingdom.
During the middle kingdom the pharaohs in Egypt started trade with foreign countries by constructing ports and harbors. They initiated irrigation projects for agricultural purposes. They writing of texts started in this era. In this era monarchy no longer was the highest authority. The people of local cities and villages wanted an independent and local governors as their authoritative body. This was one of the major threat to the state of monarchy. Amenemhet I,one of the kings of this period had been killed through a conspiracy led by the local governors.
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As the kings of Egypt tried to regain their lost power, Egypt started growing in terms of its wealth and population. As majority of the population belonged non-Egyptians tribes who had migrated to the Valley nearby the river Nile to enjoy the prosperity and wealth. The different cultures coming from various parts of the world during the ancient Egypt and the Middle east blended so well with other tribe or nation that they did not seem to look like a foreign tribe.
The period of the middle kingdom was the revival of the Egyptian roots. The rulers of the eleventh dynasty were able to regain the power in their hands and built their capital at El-Lisht. During this period there was development in the economic and political scenario while the trade among the foreign countries flourished as proper ports and irrigation system were constructed. Speaking about Egypt turned to be a prosperous land.
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During the ancient times ,it was said that if anyone migrated to Egypt,that person did not become an Egyptian, but was called "sojourner" or a "foreigner." The non-naturalization of other tribes influenced the history of Egypt in the middle kingdom. As the population of foreign tribes increased they settled down in large number of different communities and they were ruled by a single head who later became independent kings. The power of other foreign communities grew considerably as their numbers grew the power of the Egyptian rulers went out off their hands. By this time the land of Egypt entered another phase of history creating a period of disorder named as the second intermediate period.
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