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Third intermediate period |
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The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt is referred to that period in Ancient Egypt when the Pharaoh Ramesses XI died in 1070 BC. From then till the beginning of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty of Psamtik I of 664 BCE is designated the Third Intermediate Period. During this period the expulsion of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty Nubian rulers had also taken place. This period of the Pharaos in Egypt is marked by fracturing of the kingship of the country.
Even in the days of Ramesses, the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt was losing hold on the Thebes city in the Third Intermediate Period. During this time the priests had become the major powers in the society and after the death of Ramsesses, Smendes I became the ruler. He ruled the city of Tanis. The High Priests of Amun ruled the city of Thebes. In the Twenty-Second Dynasty which was founded in 945 BC by Shoshenq I, firm reunion of the country took place. Shoshenq I was a descendent of the Meshwesh immigrants whose roots belonged to Ancient Libya.
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With Shoshenq coming into power, the condition of the country was stable for a century. However, after the reign of Osorkon II, the country was divided into two states. Shoshenq III who belonged to the Twenty-Second Dynasty controlled Lower Egypt around 818 BC and Takelot II and Osorkon B (his son) ruled the Upper and Middle part of Egypt. In the city of Thebes, a civil war between Pedubast and Takelot II/Osorkon B broke out. Pedubast had proclaimed himself the Pharaoh and this triggered the war. There were consistent conflicts which was finally resolved in the Year 39 when Osorkon B won the war.
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Osorkon B moved to the Upper Egyptian Libyan Dynasty. However this kingdom quickly disintegrated after the death of Rudamun. This saw a rise of the local city states under the kings like Nimlot of Hermopolis, Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis and Ini at Thebes. The Nubian kingdom in this Third Intermediate Period took advantage of this political instability and division. Nubian ruler – Kashta extended his kingdom to Thebes and compelled Shepenupet to adopt his daughter Amenirdis to make throne her as her successor. 20 years later, Piye founded the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. The Assyrians ruled the city in the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, when Psamtik I declared himself the King of Egypt. Later he was defeated in war and ultimately imprisoned and executed in the city of Susa by Persian king Cambyses who was by now a Pharaoh.
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