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The Republic of Egypt |
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The Republic of Egypt came into existence in 18 June 1953 after the Egyptian Revolution by the military ousting the then King Farouk I of Egypt.
History behind the formation of the Republic of Egypt
Egypt, from the late eighteenth century to the later part of nineteenth century, has been in a state of turmoil. It witnessed French invasion and the subsequent French evacuation, civil wars, Muhammad Ali's rise to power as governor and finally control of the British from 1882.
After years of domination by the Britain and subsequent protests by the Egyptians, British was compelled to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on February 22, 1922.
Though a new government was formed based on parliamentary system, there was a going public hatred towards the king for the following reasons:
- the control of the British prevailed and the king was considered to be pro-British and corrupted.
- the lavish lifestyle of the king, the corruption in different offices of the government, the loss of 1948 war with Israel
- discontent in the army rose after the British troops attacked a Egyptian police barrack in Ismalia on January 25, 1952.
A group of young military officers has already formed 'the free officers' movement” which was initiated by the officer Gamal Abdel Nasser. They made army general Mohamed Naguib, as its head. After there were three short lived government and the the king ruled according to his whims, the officers planned the coup. On July 23, 1952 the coup by the 'the free officers' movement' acted the coup and ousted King Farouk I. The coup forced the king to abdicate and on June 18, 1953, the Republic of Egypt was declared.
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Era after formation of Republic of Egypt
General Mohamed Naguib was the first President of the Republic of Egypt but the real mastermind behind the coup, Gamal Abdel Nasser forced Naguib to resign and Naguib was put under house arrest.
Nasser became the President and he made the declaration of the full independence of Egypt from the United Kingdom on June 18, 1956. Nasser had the dream of making Republic of Egypt as the head of the Arab world and curb the control of west over the middle east. He had been successful to large extent as Britain's power became lesser with the years.
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Republic of Egypt, along with other Arab worlds, has been a strong force against Israel. During the Six Day War in 1967 between the Arab word and Israel, Israel captured Sinai, a peninsula of Egypt. Nasseer was succeeded by Anwar Sadat, another officer from the “free officer's movement” in 1967. During his tenure, Republic of Egypt changed it's allegiance from Soviet Union to United States. As part of economic reform, Sadat opened the door for foreign investors in Egypt and simultaneously suppressed his religious and secular opposition.
In 1973, Egypt, along with Syria launched a war against Israel to win back the Sinai region. Though it was not very successful from military point of view, but strategically it helped Sadat to megotiate with Israel later. In 1979, the peace treaty with Israel helped Egypt to regain Sinai but the country was expelled from the Arab League.
After Sadat was assassinated in 1981, Hosni Mobarak became the President. From 2004, Egypt saw the emergence of the Kefaya or the Egyptian Movement for Change which demanded constitutional and ecomnomic reforms and direct presidential election. Till then , the president of the Republic of Egypt has been chosen by the referrandum at the People's Assembly. The President made the reform and on September, 2005 there was direct presidential election where Mobarak was re-elected. Hoshni is still the President of the Republic of Egypt
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